This paper considers the options available for structuring the semi-presidential system under three headings: constitutional architecture; the distribution of executive powers; and security and emergency powers.

This report discusses the design of a semi-presidential system for the post-Arab Spring MENA region under three headings: (1) the establishment of the semi-presidential system, (2) the day-to-day operation of the semi-presidential system and (3) the operation of the semi-presidential system during times of crisis, including the use of emergency powers and control of the armed and security forces.&ampnbsp

In the wake of the Arab Spring, this paper looks at the implications of choosing a semi-presidential system of government. The paper discusses the historical origins, structure, and corresponding distribution of power in a semi-presidential system. The paper then provides the pros and cons of adopting the semi-presidential system, and canvasses some of the conditions precedent for the success and/or failure of the semi-presidential system. The paper ends with a look at Portugal as a case study on the semi-presidential model.

This document is part of a series of papers produced by PILPG experts seeking to provide legal counsel to the Iraqi government during the Constitutional Review Process in 2007. This paper considers the executive systems of France, Lebanon, Romania, Poland, and Lithuania, to demonstrate a number of similarities in the relative powers of the President and Prime Minister and illustrate a few differences in state practice.