Options for Decentralizing Power: Federalism to Decentralization

This paper discusses the various ways and degrees to which a state can decentralize their governmental functions. Starting with a definition of the four major types of decentralization (delegation, devolution, regional autonomy, and federation), the paper builds from the ground up, first discussing the configuration and depth of decentralization, how powers are to be divided, the devices available to encourage shared rule and minimize divisiveness, and how other aspects of the state may influence the system of decentralization. The paper also discusses some practical considerations, including the cost, how to get political actors to agree to decentralization, who to involve in the process, and the timetables for implementation. This discussion provides the necessary context for a more in depth discussion, along with practical case studies, of the following models: a high degree of centralization (India), less extensive decentralization (South Africa), and low degree of decentralization (The Republic of Macedonia). Finally, the paper ends on the strengths and weaknesses of decentralization along with a discussion of the following key considerations: how decentralization can help to manage conflict most effectively, how the boundaries of constituent units should be set, how minority rights can be protected in a decentralized state, how corruption can be tackled, how decentralization can increase participation, how tensions over revenue-sharing can be managed, how local capacity can be developed, and what the arrangements should be called.&nbsp